{"id":12842,"date":"2026-08-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/?p=12842"},"modified":"2026-08-03T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:00:00","slug":"what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/?p=12842","title":{"rendered":"What has driven deforestation in the 21st century?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"centered-article-header__breadcrumbs-container col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-2 span-md-cols-12\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/\">Home<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/forests-and-deforestation\" data-track-note=\"breadcrumb\">Forests &amp; Deforestation<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<header class=\"centered-article-header align-center grid grid-cols-8 span-cols-8 col-start-4 grid-md-cols-6 span-md-cols-12 col-md-start-2\">\n<div class=\"centered-article-header__meta-container col-start-2 span-cols-6 span-md-cols-6 col-md-start-1 grid grid-cols-2\">\n<div class=\"centered-article-header__meta-container-left span-cols-1 span-sm-cols-2\">\n<p>By <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/team\/hannah-ritchie\">Hannah Ritchie<\/a><\/p>\n<p>August 3, 2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century#article-citation\" class=\"display-block\">Cite this article<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century#article-licence\" class=\"display-block\">Reuse our work freely<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Over the last two decades, the world has cut down forests <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/deforestation-agriculture-plantations?tab=line\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">at a rate<\/a> of roughly one Costa Rica per year.<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century#note-1\" class=\"ref\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The largest driver of deforestation has been the expansion of agriculture. This has been true for millennia, and it remains the case today.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">But which products, in particular, have been responsible?<\/p>\n<aside class=\"body-3-medium-italic article-block__aside article-block__aside--right col-start-11 span-cols-3 span-md-cols-10 col-md-start-3 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">This data focuses on commodity-driven deforestation for agriculture and forestry, which <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abm9267\" class=\"span-link\">accounts for<\/a> more than 90% of tropical deforestation.<\/aside>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43016-026-01305-4\" class=\"span-link\">recent study<\/a>, published in <em>Nature Food<\/em> by Chandrakant Singh and Martin Persson, answered this question.<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century#note-2\" class=\"ref\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">In the chart below, you can see how much deforestation has been caused by different agricultural commodities. This is shown as the annual average between 2001 and 2023.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article-block__image article-block__image--wide col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-2 span-md-cols-12\">\n<div class=\"image image--has-outline\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/cdn-cgi\/imagedelivery\/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g\/c0ccbe8c-a265-42e1-1d91-a23791ffd400\/w=2550\" alt=\"Bar chart of the share of global deforestation attributed to production of different commodities, where beef is the single largest contributor and the chart shows which products drive most forest loss. Beef is about 41 percent, oilseeds about 16 percent, forestry and cereals about 12 percent each, and other products (roots and tubers; vegetables, fruits and nuts; coffee, cocoa and spices; plant-based fibres; pulses; sugar) range from about 5 percent to 1 percent. Source: Singh &amp; Persson (2026), Our World in Data; Licensed CC-BY, author Hannah Ritchie.\" class=\"lightbox-image\" width=\"2550\" height=\"1914\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Beef was, by far, the largest driver, accounting for 41% of the total. Cattle <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/land-use-per-kg-poore\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">need a lot of land<\/a> for grazing, which means that the growing global demand for beef has led to the expansion of pasture. Beef alone has led to the destruction of more than two UK-sized areas of forest this century.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The second-largest driver was oilseeds. This category is dominated by deforestation for soy and palm oil; a lot of forest was lost to these plantations, especially in the first decade (as we\u2019ll see later, these rates have fallen over the past ten years).<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The other large drivers \u2014 accounting for 12% each \u2014 were forest plantations and cereal production.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Understanding what has driven deforestation is important, but so is understanding where the forests were lost.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Let\u2019s then take the chart above, but break each bar into the respective regions where it happened. Looking at the chart below, we see that these losses are extremely geographically concentrated for many products.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"article-block__image article-block__image--wide col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-2 span-md-cols-12\">\n<div class=\"image image--has-outline\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/cdn-cgi\/imagedelivery\/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g\/b3eee2b5-5df8-4cc4-c092-046695f16600\/w=2550\" alt=\"Stacked bar chart of the share of global deforestation attributed to the production of different commodities by region, where it highlights that beef is the single largest driver, followed by oilseeds and forestry, and that regional contributions differ (Brazil dominates beef-related loss, Indonesia is important for oilseeds\/palm oil, and Africa contributes notably to staple crops). The chart also breaks down smaller contributions from cereals, roots and tubers, vegetables\/fruits\/nuts, coffee\/cocoa\/spices, plant-based fibres, pulses, and sugar. Data source: Singh &amp; Persson (2026), Nature Food. License: CC BY to Our World in Data; visualization by Hannah Ritchie.\" class=\"lightbox-image\" width=\"2550\" height=\"1914\" \/><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">More than half of deforestation for beef production occurred in Brazil. In fact, one-quarter of all deforestation this century was driven by Brazilian beef production alone. Most other cattle pasture expansion happened in Brazil\u2019s neighbors in Latin America. So, clearance for beef is not only the world\u2019s largest driver of deforestation; it has also been centered on some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet: the Amazon rainforest and the Cerrado savanna.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-block__pull-quote--left span-cols-14 grid grid-cols-12-full-width\">\n<blockquote class=\"left\">\n<div>Beef alone has led to the destruction of more than two UK-sized areas of forest this century.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Most deforestation for oilseeds \u2014 the second-largest driver \u2014 has been for palm oil and soy. Almost all of the world\u2019s demand for palm oil has been met <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/explorers\/global-food?tab=discrete-bar&amp;time=latest&amp;country=OWID_WRL~USA~IND~GBR~MYS~IDN&amp;Food=Palm+oil&amp;Metric=Production&amp;Per+capita=false\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">by just two countries<\/a> \u2014 Indonesia and Malaysia \u2014 and this shows in the deforestation data. 6% of global deforestation has been caused by Indonesian palm oil production.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Forest plantations have been a large driver in parts of Asia and North America, particularly in the United States, Canada, and China.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Finally, you can see that across most other products, it\u2019s Africa \u2014 shown in green \u2014 where the most forest has been lost. This is true for staple crops, such as cereals and roots and tubers, as well as for cash crops, such as fruits, nuts, coffee, and cocoa beans. You can also see this clearly when looking at the continent\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/drivers-deforestation-commodity?country=~OWID_AFR\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">annual data<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">As I\u2019ve <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/africa-yields-problem\" class=\"span-link\">written about previously<\/a>, countries across sub-Saharan Africa achieve very low crop yields compared to the rest of the world. As a consequence, most of the growth in food production has come from using more land, rather than using land more productively. This has come at the cost of forests. Improvements in agricultural productivity are not just essential for food security and poverty reduction, but also for preserving natural habitats.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"body-3-medium-italic article-block__aside article-block__aside--right col-start-11 span-cols-3 span-md-cols-10 col-md-start-3 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">You can read more about this in my article \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/africa-yields-problem\" class=\"span-link\">Increasing agricultural productivity across sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most important problems this century<\/a>\u201d<\/aside>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The scale of deforestation, even today, is hard for me to wrap my head around. But a closer look at the data also reveals that the world can do something about it, and for some products, has already done so. Palm oil is a clear example: while large amounts of forest were being cut down for oil palm plantations in the 2000s and early 2010s, rates <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/drivers-deforestation-commodity?uniformYAxis=0\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">have fallen substantially<\/a> over the last decade.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-block__pull-quote--left span-cols-14 grid grid-cols-12-full-width\">\n<blockquote class=\"left\">\n<div>Over the last two decades, the world has cut down forests at a rate of roughly one Costa Rica per year.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">There are several reasons for this. One has been the growth in corporate commitments from food companies: many of the largest, including Unilever and Nestl\u00e9, adopted \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sustainablepalmoilchoice.eu\/ndpe-commitment\/\" class=\"span-link\">No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation<\/a>\u201d policies, committing not to buy palm oil from producers who have cut down forests for new plantations. Certification schemes, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/rspo.org\/\" class=\"span-link\">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil<\/a>, expanded, giving companies the option to buy deforestation-free palm oil. Both of these changes were partly driven by successful campaigns from non-governmental organizations and public pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The governments of Indonesia and Malaysia also took action to limit deforestation at home. In 2018, Indonesia launched a moratorium on the issuance of new oil palm plantation permits. Malaysia put a cap on the <em>area that<\/em> could be allocated to plantations, meaning any gains in palm oil production had to come from productivity improvements.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"body-3-medium-italic article-block__aside article-block__aside--right col-start-11 span-cols-3 span-md-cols-10 col-md-start-3 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Not all of the reduction is due to government and corporate action. Low palm oil prices in the late 2010s also likely reduced the incentives to increase production.<\/aside>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">This combination of government action and corporate commitments, underpinned by public pressure, has contributed to a reduction in deforestation for palm oil. The world could achieve the same for other products, but this relies on our understanding of which products \u2014 and where \u2014 are driving deforestation in the first place. That\u2019s why this data is so crucial.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-block__callout col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Many thanks to Max Roser and Edouard Mathieu for their comments and suggestions on this article.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"article-block__recirc--center col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2 recirc recirc--center\">Continue reading on Our World in Data<\/div>\n<section class=\"footnote-container grid grid-cols-12-full-width col-start-1 col-end-limit\">\n<div class=\"col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 col-sm-start-2 span-sm-cols-12\">\n<h3 id=\"article-endnotes\">Endnotes<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"footnote-list\">\n<li id=\"note-1\" class=\"footnote-list__footnote\">\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Since 2000, the world has lost, on average, <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/deforestation-agriculture-plantations?tab=line\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">approximately 5.6 million<\/a> hectares of forest to agriculture and plantations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/land-area-hectares?country=CRI\" class=\"span-link span-linked-chart\">land area<\/a> of Costa Rica is 5.1 million hectares.<\/p>\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Singh, C., &amp; Persson, U. M. (2026). Global patterns of commodity-driven deforestation and associated carbon emissions. Nature Food.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"note-2\" class=\"footnote-list__footnote\">\n<p class=\"article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2\">Singh, C., &amp; Persson, U. M. (2026). Global patterns of commodity-driven deforestation and associated carbon emissions. Nature Food.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"article-citation\" class=\"grid grid-cols-12-full-width col-start-1 col-end-limit no-dividers\">\n<div class=\"col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 col-sm-start-2 span-sm-cols-12\">\n<h3 class=\"align-center\">Cite this work<\/h3>\n<p>Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this article, please also cite the underlying data sources. This article can be cited as:<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wp-code-snippet wp-code-snippet--dark\">\n<pre class=\"wp-code-snippet__code\">Hannah Ritchie (2026) - \u201cWhat has driven deforestation in the 21st century?\u201d Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20260803-000120\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century.html' [Online Resource] (archived on August 3, 2026).<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>BibTeX citation<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wp-code-snippet wp-code-snippet--dark\">\n<pre class=\"wp-code-snippet__code\">@articleowid-what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century,\n    author = Hannah Ritchie,\n    title = What has driven deforestation in the 21st century?,\n    journal = Our World in Data,\n    year = 2026,\n    note = https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20260803-000120\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century.html\n<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"article-licence\" class=\"grid grid-cols-12-full-width col-start-1 col-end-limit\">\n<div class=\"col-start-4 span-cols-8 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 col-sm-start-2 span-sm-cols-12\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/owid-logo.svg\" alt=\"Our World in Data logo\" width=\"104\" height=\"57\" \/>\n<h3>Reuse this work freely<\/h3>\n<p>All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons BY license<\/a>. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.<\/p>\n<p>The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.<\/p>\n<p>All of <a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/faqs#how-can-i-embed-one-of-your-interactive-charts-in-my-website\">our charts can be embedded<\/a> in any site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/what-has-driven-deforestation-in-the-21st-century\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"feedzy-rss-link-icon\">Lire la Suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>HomeForests &amp; Deforestation By Hannah Ritchie August 3, 2026 Cite this articleReuse our work freely Over the last two decades, the world has cut down forests at a rate of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10543,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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