Le document pr\u00e9sente un rapport de recherche de l\u2019institution am\u00e9ricaine RAND sur les politiques publiques de ma\u00eetrise de la prolif\u00e9ration de l\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA). Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse en particulier aux instruments qui modifient les co\u00fbts d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019IA afin d\u2019orienter l\u2019adoption vers des canaux \u00ab gouvern\u00e9s \u00bb (surveillables, r\u00e9glement\u00e9s) et de l\u2019\u00e9loigner de canaux \u00ab non gouvern\u00e9s \u00bb (difficiles \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler).<\/p>\n
Le rapport constate que les d\u00e9bats et analyses portent principalement sur l\u2019offre d\u2019IA, via des outils tels que les restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019exportation, les r\u00e9gimes d\u2019autorisation (licensing) ou les contr\u00f4les sur le mat\u00e9riel de calcul. Or, selon l\u2019auteur, la localisation effective des capacit\u00e9s d\u2019IA d\u00e9pend des choix des organisations et des individus en mati\u00e8re d\u2019adoption et de canaux d\u2019acc\u00e8s, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la demande. Les instruments de politique publique qui agissent par d\u00e9placement de co\u00fbts (cost-shifting) op\u00e8rent pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment sur cette demande, en rendant certains canaux d\u2019acc\u00e8s plus ou moins co\u00fbteux.<\/p>\n
Le rapport propose un cadre analytique et un mod\u00e8le formel dans lequel l\u2019adoption de l\u2019IA est d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par les co\u00fbts relatifs entre diff\u00e9rents canaux d\u2019acc\u00e8s, et o\u00f9 les instruments de gouvernance modifient ces co\u00fbts relatifs. La question centrale est de savoir comment les utilisateurs r\u00e9allouent leur demande entre canaux gouvern\u00e9s et non gouvern\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019une politique change le co\u00fbt relatif d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019IA, et dans quelles conditions cette r\u00e9allocation permet de r\u00e9duire, de ne pas modifier ou au contraire d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer une prolif\u00e9ration non contr\u00f4l\u00e9e de l\u2019IA.<\/p>\n
L\u2019\u00e9tude vise ainsi \u00e0 identifier les situations dans lesquelles les instruments de d\u00e9placement de co\u00fbts atteignent leur objectif (r\u00e9orientation vers des canaux contr\u00f4lables), celles o\u00f9 ils ont peu d\u2019effet, et celles o\u00f9 ils peuvent produire des effets contre-productifs en aggravant la diffusion incontr\u00f4l\u00e9e de l\u2019IA. Aucune donn\u00e9e chiffr\u00e9e ou calendrier pr\u00e9cis n\u2019est d\u00e9taill\u00e9 dans l\u2019extrait, mais l\u2019accent est mis sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une analyse syst\u00e9matique de la demande d\u2019IA pour \u00e9clairer la conception des politiques.<\/p>\n
Le rapport s\u2019inscrit dans la s\u00e9rie \u00ab RAND Global and Emerging Risks \u00bb, qui rassemble des travaux de recherche et d\u2019analyse destin\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des enjeux pour les secteurs public et priv\u00e9. Il est soumis \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure d\u2019\u00e9valuation scientifique interne. RAND, institution \u00e0 but non lucratif sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans l\u2019appui \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision publique par la recherche, pr\u00e9cise que ses publications ne refl\u00e8tent pas n\u00e9cessairement l\u2019opinion de ses clients ou financeurs. Le document est prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par le droit de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle; sa diffusion en ligne est encadr\u00e9e et soumise \u00e0 autorisation pour les usages commerciaux.<\/p>\n
Pour les administrations, ce travail offre un cadre conceptuel pour \u00e9valuer les effets potentiels de mesures de r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019IA fond\u00e9es sur la modification des co\u00fbts d\u2019acc\u00e8s, en particulier en ce qui concerne les risques de prolif\u00e9ration incontr\u00f4l\u00e9e. Bien que le texte ne traite pas directement de sant\u00e9, d\u2019affaires sociales, de travail ou d\u2019emploi, la logique d\u2019analyse de la demande et des canaux d\u2019acc\u00e8s peut \u00eatre transposable \u00e0 des politiques de r\u00e9gulation de l\u2019IA dans ces domaines.(contenu r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais par l’IA)\u00a0Lire la Suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Le document pr\u00e9sente un rapport de recherche de l\u2019institution am\u00e9ricaine RAND sur les politiques publiques de ma\u00eetrise de la prolif\u00e9ration de l\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA). Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse en particulier aux instruments […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10675,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[234,227,226],"class_list":["post-16698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-donnees-etudes-evaluation-et-prospective","tag-rand","tag-ia","tag-sources-etrangeres"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16698"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16698\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10675"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veilles-affaires-sociales.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}