RAND Europe a men\u00e9, avec le soutien du Security and Stabilisation Department du Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) du Royaume-Uni, une \u00e9tude exploratoire sur les effets des technologies \u00e9mergentes sur la gouvernance et la gestion du secteur de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (SSG\/M). L\u2019\u00e9tude repose sur une revue cibl\u00e9e de la litt\u00e9rature et des entretiens semi-directifs avec des parties prenantes cl\u00e9s. Elle vise \u00e0 analyser comment des solutions comme l\u2019intelligence artificielle, le machine learning, la biom\u00e9trie ou les syst\u00e8mes de surveillance renforc\u00e9e sont d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es par les acteurs de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, et comment ces usages influent sur l\u2019acceptabilit\u00e9 et le consentement du public, la responsabilit\u00e9 institutionnelle, la soutenabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et les enjeux \u00e9thiques.<\/p>\n
Neuf domaines technologiques sont identifi\u00e9s comme \u00e9tant de plus en plus utilis\u00e9s dans la SSG\/M : la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 augment\u00e9e et virtuelle (AR\/VR), les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019aide automatis\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision, la biom\u00e9trie, la blockchain, les plateformes d\u2019identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique, les solutions de gestion de donn\u00e9es, l\u2019imagerie satellitaire, la surveillance des r\u00e9seaux sociaux et les v\u00e9hicules a\u00e9riens sans pilote (drones). Selon l\u2019\u00e9tude, ces technologies peuvent am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9, l\u2019effectivit\u00e9, la connaissance de la situation et, lorsqu\u2019elles sont con\u00e7ues de mani\u00e8re transparente, renforcer la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 et la redevabilit\u00e9 des acteurs de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n
L\u2019\u00e9tude souligne toutefois des risques transversaux importants : atteintes potentielles \u00e0 la vie priv\u00e9e et \u00e0 la protection des donn\u00e9es, biais algorithmiques et opacit\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les, vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re de cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de souverainet\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es, risque d\u2019exclusion de groupes d\u00e9j\u00e0 en difficult\u00e9 num\u00e9rique, ainsi que dilution des responsabilit\u00e9s lorsque des fournisseurs priv\u00e9s ou des syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s influencent fortement les d\u00e9cisions. La d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de prestataires priv\u00e9s et les enjeux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la provenance, \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et au partage transfrontalier des donn\u00e9es sont identifi\u00e9s comme des facteurs de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 suppl\u00e9mentaires, notamment pour la soutenabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et la ma\u00eetrise publique des syst\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n
L\u2019\u00e9tude propose six grandes pratiques de gouvernance \u00e0 int\u00e9grer tout au long du cycle de vie des technologies dans la SSG\/M : co-concevoir les outils avec les utilisateurs finaux et les communaut\u00e9s concern\u00e9es pour garantir l\u2019ad\u00e9quation et la redevabilit\u00e9 ; justifier et adapter l\u2019adoption des technologies au contexte local, aux infrastructures et aux perceptions, en anticipant les risques de d\u00e9tournement ou de m\u00e9susage ; \u00e9valuer les besoins et arbitrer entre app\u00e9tence et tol\u00e9rance au risque en int\u00e9grant les co\u00fbts sur l\u2019ensemble du cycle de vie, tout en encadrant strictement la gouvernance des donn\u00e9es (provenance, propri\u00e9t\u00e9, partage international) ; mettre en place une supervision \u00e0 plusieurs niveaux au-del\u00e0 du simple \u00ab humain dans la boucle \u00bb afin de limiter le biais d\u2019automatisation, laisser un temps d\u2019intervention et clarifier les responsabilit\u00e9s ; associer des politiques internes \u00e0 une r\u00e9gulation et un contr\u00f4le externes (proc\u00e9dures d\u2019autorisation transparentes, dispositifs de journalisation et d\u2019audit, information du public) ; enfin, assurer une formation continue des acteurs concern\u00e9s pour accompagner l\u2019\u00e9volution rapide des outils. Ces conclusions, bien qu\u2019ancr\u00e9es dans le contexte britannique, offrent des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de comparaison et de vigilance utiles pour les administrations qui suivent l\u2019essor des technologies num\u00e9riques dans les secteurs de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de gouvernance publique.(contenu r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais par l’IA)\u00a0Lire la Suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" RAND Europe a men\u00e9, avec le soutien du Security and Stabilisation Department du Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) du Royaume-Uni, une \u00e9tude exploratoire sur les effets des technologies \u00e9mergentes 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